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This feasibility study (purchase required) showed that lipid profiling can discriminate lamb breed and also (unlike stable isotope or elemental profile) the cut of meat.  The authors used Ninxia Tan sheep, a premium breed in China, as proof of concept.  They measured a large panel of lipids in reference populations of authentic and inauthentic breeds and cuts.  They then assessed different Machine Learning protocols for feature selection. 

1230 molecules across 29 lipid classes were identified in longissimus dorsi and knuckle meat of both Tan sheep and Bahan crossbreed sheep. Applying multivariate statistical methods, 12 lipid molecules were identified as potential markers for breed and and 7 as potential markers for the cut of meat. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis was applied to select 3 and 4 lipid molecules, respectively, for discriminating lamb breed and cut, achieving correct rates of discrimination of 100 % and 95 %.

They conclude that back-propagation neural network was superior to other machine learning approaches for this application. Integrating lipidomics with back-propagation neural network approach can provide an effective strategy to trace and certify lamb products, ensuring their quality and protecting consumer rights.

Photo by Pinaak Kumar on Unsplash

In this article the authors analysed the last decade of RASFF alerts relating to adulterated and unauthorised supplements and discussed the potential health impacts.  They conclude that health concerns rise in parallel with the rise in the popularity and market availability of these products.  

The most frequent pharmaceuticals for the adulteration of food supplements were phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (235 records); anorexics and laxatives (76), including sibutramine and its active metabolite N-didesmethyl sibutramine, phenolphthalein and 2,4-dinitrophenol.  There were also stimulants, among which 1,3-dimethylamine (97), and synephrine (53) were the most numerous.  Also included were nootropic drugs (24); anabolics and prohormones (16); and cannabinoid cannabidiol (14) (pending authorization as a novel food ingredient).

Over 65% of these notifications were classified as serious risks, and over 80% of these were alert or border rejection notifications, mainly generated as a result of official control on the market.

The authors recommend that a harmonized nutrivigilance system should be considered as a tool to detect and scrutinize the adverse health effects of food supplements, along with measures to improve their safety, quality, and testing.

Photo by Myriam Zilles on Unsplash

The last decade has witnessed significant advances in analytical technologies with the capabilities to support food integrity and authenticity testing within the rapidly evolving food industry. Devices that allow diagnostic tests to be performed at or near the point of need, often termed Point-of-contact (POC), represent a growing area within the food sector with the potential to provide real-time monitoring of input materials and production process. POC devices can range from handheld spectroscopic devices such as Raman and FT-IR instruments to desktop portable systems inclusive of compact mass spectrometry, NMR and next generation sequencing (NGS) systems.

UK National Measurement Laboratory at LGC

In this study (open access) the authors developed a chemometric model to discriminate adulterated maple syrup.  Spectral measurement was by Attenuated Total Reflectance FTIR with data then processed using Principle Component Analysis.  The authors built their reference library from 69 authentic samples obtained directly from producers and further verified by an expert sensory panel.  They prepared in-house adulterated samples by mixing in sugars from three of 15 cheaper sources at proportions from 5% to 25% giving a total library of 667 adulterated and non-adulterated reference samples. Spectra from these samples were used to build six libraries and three models. They developed a method to perform a qualitative library search using a similarity search, based on the first derivative correlation search algorithm.

 Of the four Canadian classes of Grade A maple syrup, the model could discriminate with high confidence adulteration in “golden” and “amber” syrups but was less specific for  “dark” or “very dark” classes.

 Photo by Nadine Primeau on Unsplash

This Commission overview report describes how Competent Authorities in Member States deliver their obligations to combat food fraud under Article 9(2) of the Official Control Regulations (2017/625).

It outlines how Member States fight fraud along the agri-food chain. Fraud in the agri-food chain affects industry and consumers economically, undermines consumer trust and may lead to serious health issues. The EU has recognised the importance of tackling fraudulent and deceptive practices in the agri-food chain and since 2019 Member States are required to carry out risk-based controls to detect fraudulent and deceptive practices. The Commission carried out a project between 2020 and 2022 to collect information on the new arrangements put in place by Member States to fight fraud in the agri-food chain. Based on this project, the Commission has published an overview report which focuses on eight Member States and how their competent authorities developed control arrangements and strategies to combat fraudulent practices. It presents the challenges, opportunities, and several good practice examples in relation to fraud related controls in the Member States.

This report follows a Technical Guidance Document published in March 2023, to support Member States in their efforts to combat fraud within the agri-food supply chain. This guidance document clearly outlines how to uniformly interpret and apply the respective EU laws in the context of fighting food fraud. It was highlighted in a previous FAN blog in April and has been published on the following website: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC131525

Key findings for 2022
2022 was a deeply challenging year for consumers. Food prices rose at a faster rate than inflation for much of the year and were accompanied by sharp increases in other household expenses, adding to the strain on people’s finances. Overall spending on in-home food reduced by 6.9% in 2022 compared to 2021. Oils and spreads, dairy and alternatives, and fish, eggs, meat and other proteins experienced faster price rises than other Eatwell Guide food groups - all of them essential elements in many people’s diets. FSA and FSS focus group research showed people across a wide range of income brackets were making compromises such as swapping out premium brands for budget ranges or eating out less in a bid to cut costs.

A record number of households – one in five across England, Wales and Northern Ireland – were classified as food insecure in 2022, meaning that their diet and/or food intake had been limited in some way due to their financial or personal circumstances. Similar evidence of increased food insecurity can be seen in Scottish data. A minority of people across the UK also reported cutting corners on food preparation and hygiene, including reducing their use of fridges and freezers or reducing the length of time they cooked their food, to reduce energy bills.

The global food system had to adapt to abrupt shifts in trading patterns as traditional supply lines were disrupted for some commodities. Though the available data from border checks does not indicate any shift in the safety of goods arriving from outside the EU, the UK has increased the number of high-risk foods now subject to enhanced checks at the border, partly in response to concerns about pesticide residues and other toxins in products from certain countries. As EU imports are not currently checked, we cannot comment authoritatively on the safety of goods arriving from the EU.

As we develop new trading partnerships, FSA and FSS will continue to advise government on whether new free trade agreements (FTAs) uphold statutory food safety protections. To support the public’s interest in understanding the wider production values of imported food, FSA and FSS are also exploring how to address the lack of robust, international data on issues such as animal welfare and environmental and ethical production standards.

Although food businesses have also experienced sharp rises in their costs, the latest inspection data suggests this has not translated into any detectable reduction in compliance with food hygiene standards. Based on the latest inspection data as at the end of 2022, the vast majority of food businesses had met food hygiene standards at the point when they were last inspected.

Meanwhile the number of local authority inspections carried out returned to pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels in 2022. This is an important milestone, but it should be noted there were still approximately 39,500 unrated businesses at the end of 2022 across England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Adequate resourcing is vital for ensuring food hygiene rules are upheld, but the FSA’s analysis of local authority staffing shows there are approximately 14% fewer food safety posts being funded across England, Wales and Northern Ireland compared to a decade ago – and even where these posts do exist, over 13% are vacant.

The situation in Scotland is more pronounced, where there are 25% fewer food safety posts than in 2016. There have also been reductions in food standards and food law officer posts across the UK, further challenging the ability of local authorities to carry out essential checks on food authenticity, composition and information standards. In 2022, both FSA and FSS had to take additional measures to address the ongoing resourcing challenges being faced by the veterinary profession – particularly in the recruitment of Official Veterinarians (OVs).

Analysis of reported food incidents and foodborne disease outbreaks, the results of national sampling programmes delivered by FSA, FSS and Defra, and the available intelligence on food crime do not suggest there has been any significant change in food safety and authenticity standards during 2022. However, we are concerned about ongoing breaches in food composition labelling in relation to allergens. To address this, further collaboration with local
authorities and food businesses will be required. 

Read full report.

In this study (purchase required) bulk isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) combined with multivariate analysis was used to develop a model to identify the geographical origin of rice and authenticate different rice cultivars from Pakistan. The authors reported significant statistical differences for δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, δ²H and δ¹⁸O isotopes amongst different basmati and non-basmati rice cultivars. δ²H and δ¹⁸O values showed a larger variation between basmati and non-basmati rice cultivars. Multivariate ANOVA showed a significant influence on rice from different regions, cultivars and their stable isotopic values.

The researchers constructed supervised classification models (LDA and PLS-DA) to assess origin. They found that the PLS-DA model achieved a the best classification accuracy at around 70 – 80%.

Photo by Louis Hansel on Unsplash

A recent thesis from the Universita di Padova involved an analysis of patterns and trends from all food fraud and adulterations reported in the RASFF database from 2005 to 2021 (n=2031). The study identified health certificates as the common manipulated aspect in food fraud, representing 40.92% of reported cases. In addition, mislabelling, adulteration, and tampering were common with meat and meat products, whereas document forgery was more frequent with nuts and seeds. Grey market activities were prevalent among dietetic foods, while counterfeiting was primarily observed in soups and sauces.  The United Kingdom emerged as a focal point with 31.8% of all food fraud notifications, followed by Italy (9.0%). China and India were identified as the predominant origins of food fraud, constituting 16.94% and 11.96% of the reported cases, respectively. The study found that nuts, nut products, and seeds accounted for the highest proportion of fraud/adulteration cases at 22.01%. Followed by fruits and vegetables (10.49%), and meat and meat products other than poultry (10.44%).

One of our Partners, Tenet Compliance & Litigation, has published issue 9 of its newsletter, the Secret Ingredient - Improving Your Fraud Prevention Planning.

The Secret Ingredient is Tenet's quarterly newsletter focused on preventing fraud and financial crime in the food and beverage sector.

This issue includes articles on:
👉 How APP fraud can infiltrate international supply chains
👉 Tenet's Global Expertise
👉 Anchoring disputes in England & Wales
👉 Risk management in the food sector.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have published their annual technical report on emerging risks.  This report relates to EFSA’s assessment of risks reported during the 2021 calendar year.  EFSA classify 8 risks as “emerging”, most of which are bacteria, virus’s or natural toxins spreading beyond their traditional hosts. None are explicitly food authenticity related but the risk of overdose from too high Vitamin D in food supplements is highlighted, as is unforseen adverse health affects from the consumer trend towards coconut oil.

We have now added signposts to the free IAEA training and Excel add-in for chemometrics to our permanent resources lists.  You can find details on our e-seminars page.  To aid navigation, it is also listed within mitigation tools.  The add-in is invaluable to any laboratory building an authenticity classification model based upon multivariate analysis of known reference samples.

Researchers at Sydney universities are working on the application of handheld XRF scanners (traditionally used for rock or mineral analysis) to the classification of seafood origin by multi-element analysis with chemometric profiling.  The goal is a point-of-use technique that can be applied to fresh seafood and give a result within a few minutes.  Origin verification has a high public profile because the Australian government have signalled their intent to introduce mandatory country of origin labelling on fish and seafood.  The researchers published a proof of concept study in July using tiger prawns.  It is now reported that they are working with Sydney Fish Market to build a database of authentic samples to underpin a wider roll-out of the test.

The latest issue of Tenet Law’s “The Secret Ingredient” fraud mitigation newsletter includes a case study of APP fraud within the food industry supply chain.   Although a risk usually associated with consumer-to-business transactions such as property sales, Tenet warn that fraudsters are attracted to payments that are high in value, and to circumstances which easily lend themselves to email chains discussing payment, where a fake email changing account details would not necessarily look out of place. The food industry with its international supply chains and high value transactions is an enticing target. 

The red flags in this business-to-business version of the fraud are exactly the same as consumers are typically warned about in phishing e-mails including unusual e-mail addresses, poor spelling or grammar, unsolicited requests for financial details and incorrectly replicated company logos or footers.

Aquaphotomics is the classification of samples solubilised in water by the effective change of the water’s NIR spectrum.  In this proof of concept study (open access) the authors successfully applied the technique to in-house samples of tomato powder that had been adulterated with bulking agent (cornflour) and/or colouring agents to mask the adulteration (a selected range of red food dyes were tested).  They found that after principle component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (PDA-LDA) the technique could discriminate adulterated from unadulterated samples at ranges from 0.5 – 20% adulteration.  They repeated the study for three different varieties of tomatoes.  Each classification model is specific to an individual tomato variety.  The authors conclude that this could be the basis for a quick and cheap field test for adulterated tomato powder, a concern in countries where fresh tomatoes are unavailable out of season and thus powder is popular as a culinary ingredient.

There are increasing reports of organised theft of extra virgin olive oil from production mills in Andalucia. This latest media report references other cases in the past few weeks. The traceability documentation is falsified prior to intended re-sale.  Bulk commodity prices of Spanish extra virgin olive oil have doubled in the past year following poor harvests, as has Italian.  Greek prices have also increased but not to the same extent.

This comprehensive review (open access) lists applications, advantages and limitations of recent analytical strategies to authenticate whiskey (the authors use the Irish spelling but it also covers Scotch whisky).  It includes a wide range of spectroscopic, chromatographic, and novel techniques such as e-sensors that have all been used within the past 5 years.  The authors discuss future trends and perspectives.  They conclude that combining analytical and chemometric methodologies will remain fundamental in whiskey classification.

Photo by Thomas Park on Unsplash

Honey adulteration can be very sophisticated and methods to detect it correspondingly sophisticated, expensive, and difficult to access in some countries.  Basic fraud, however, such as the addition of sugar syrups is still a possibility and can be difficult to detect even with isotope ratio techniques depending on the origin of the sugar syrup plant source.  In this study (open access), a relatively cheap honey authentication method based on HPLC-UV fingerprinting was developed.  The authors report a 100% classification rate of honey samples against a great variety of sugar syrups (agave, corn, fiber, maple, rice, sugar cane and glucose) by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). In addition, the detection and level quantitation of adulteration using syrups as adulterants (down to 15%) was accomplished by partial least squares (PLS) regression with low prediction errors by both internal and external validation (values below 12.8% and 19.7%, respectively).

Phospholipids (PhLs) are essential components of cell membranes, characterized by a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic headgroup. . PhLs are found naturally in foods such as egg yolks, milk, or vegetable oils. The composition and concentration of PhLs observed in these foods vary according to the analytical methodology applied, mainly in the extraction and sample treatment process. There is limited research on using PhL profiles for food authentication.  This review (purchase required) focusses on recent analytical strategies used in characterizing PhLs in distinctive foodstuffs (eggs, milk, and vegetable oils). It discusses sample preparation, analytical separation, and detection techniques, particularly liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The authors conclude that untargeted approaches, such as PhL fingerprinting, have the potential to characterise the authenticity of food products. The review also highlights the potential of multivariate approaches to incorporate information on PhL composition to assess the authenticity of food products, an area that has been largely overlooked in previous studies.

Photo by Priscilla Du Preez 🇨🇦 on Unsplash

Campden BRI have produced a free e-book on supply chain resilience; identifying, planning for and overcoming supply chain challenges.  You can download a copy by registering here.

In this paper (open access) the authors used non-targeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in combination with principal components analysis followed by linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) to build a classification model that discriminated fresh from frozen-thawed fish (mackerel, trout, cod). The optimum extraction and NMR method was chosen after evaluating 6 methods to investigate both the lipid fraction and the polar fraction of the fish samples. After cross-validation embedded in a Monte Carlo resampling design, six independent classification models were obtained. Evaluation of the multivariate data analysis revealed that the most promising approaches were the ¹H NMR analysis of the lipid fraction (correct prediction of about 90.0%) and the ¹H NMR based screening of minor components of the lipid fraction with a correct prediction of about 91.9%. ¹H NMR analysis of the water extract of the fish samples showed a correct prediction of about 82.6%. The authors conclude that a general differentiation of fresh from frozen-thawed fish via non-targeted NMR is feasible, even though the underlying sample batch contained different fish species. Additional fish samples need to be analyzed with the three most promising NMR approaches to further improve the developed classification models.

Photo by Marko Markovic on Unsplash